| Feature | Keras (3.x) | PyTorch | TensorFlow |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary Goal | Fast prototyping & ease of use | Research & flexible experimentation | Production-scale & enterprise deployment |
| Learning Curve | Lowest (easiest) | Medium (Pythonic) | Highest (more boilerplate) |
| Ecosystem | Works with TF, PyTorch, & JAX | Massive research community | Strongest production & mobile tools |
| Graph Type | Depends on backend | Dynamic (defined as you go) | Static/Hybrid (optimized for speed) |